GLUCOCORTICOID: Glucocorticoid include cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone: Cortisol is more potent and has 95% of glucocorticoids activity while corticosterone has only 4% of glucocorticoid activity. Source: These are secreted mainly by zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex and a small quantity by zone reticularis· 2.Nature: Glucocorticoids are C2l … [Read more...]
Archives for August 2016
Polarity of epithelial cells
POLARITY OF EPITHELIAL CELLS: Most of the epithelial cells polarise because of distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics which associate with different surfaces of these cells. Generally an epithelial cell has three domains which relate to various surfaces of the cell; these domains are: an apical domain, a lateral domain and a basal domain. The morphological and … [Read more...]
Classification of epithelium
Classification of epithelium: Depending on the number of cell layers present, the covering epithelia are divided into the following two main types: Simple (or unilaminar) epithelia which consist of only a single layer of cells. Stratified (or multilaminar) epithelia which consist of two or more layers of epithelial cells. SIMPLE(UNILAMINAR) EPITHELIA A simple … [Read more...]
Epithelium and its two major groups
EPITHELIUM The epithelium is defined as a collection of closely apposed cells with a very small amount of extracellular matrix. All epithelia are supported by a variable amount of loose connective tissue which contains many blood vessels. Between the epithelium and the associated connective tissue, there is always present a sheet of amorphous material which is called basal … [Read more...]
Nephrotic Syndrome & diuretic, its types and mechanism
Nephrotic Syndrome and diuretic, its types and mechanism: THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME It is a condition characterised by loss of Large quantities of plasma proteins into the urine. Is caused by increased permeability of the glomerular membrane. Conditions leading to NS Chronic glomerulonephritis. Amyloidosis, which results from the deposit, ion of an abnormal proteinoid … [Read more...]
Renal Diseases
RENAL DISEASES Renal diseases can be classified into: Acute renal failure. Chronic renal failure. Hypertensive kidney disease. Nephrotic syndrome and specific tubular abnormalities. 1.ACUTE RENAL FAILURE It is a reversible condition in which kidney is not able to perform its normal functions. Causes Acute glomerulonephritis. 2. Acute damage and … [Read more...]
Thrombopoiesis and Lymphopoeisis
THROMBOPOIESIS AND LYMPHOPOIESIS THROMBOPOIESIS (DEVELOPMENT OF PLATELETS) In the red bone marrow, the multipotential stem cells CFU-GEMM give rise to uni potential platelet progenitor cells titled CFU-Meg, which are committed to differentiate into megakaryoblasts. The megakaryoblasts differentiate into megakaryocytes. The platelets are formed by detachment of small, … [Read more...]
Granulocytopoiesis (Development of granulocytes)
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS (DEVELOPMENT OF GRANULOCYTES) The progenitor cells of the granulocytic series are derived from the multipotential hemopoietic stem cells CFU- GEMM. The eosinophils and basophils are derived from uni potential progenitor cells titled CFU-Eo and CFU-Ba, respectively. However, neutrophils are derived from bipotential progenitor cell CFU-GM. The CFU-GM … [Read more...]
Erythropoiesis (Development of erythrocytes)
ERYTHROPOIESIS (DEVELOPMENT Of ERYTHROCYTES) The erythrocytes are derived from the uni-potential progenitor cells called colony forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E), which themselves arise from CFU-GEMM. From CFU-E to mature RBC, the erythropoiesis comprises the following stages: Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, ortho- chromatophilic … [Read more...]
Einthoven’s triangle ,Current of injury and J point
Einthoven's Triangle Einthoven's Triangle is an equilateral triangle drawn arbitrarily around an area of the heart, apices of which is represented by the right arm, left arm and left leg. Einthoven's Law Statement If the electrical potentials of any two of the three bipolar limb leads are known at any given instant, the third one can be determined by summing the … [Read more...]